District 5 Boating Courses


If the course listing has a status of "Registration Closed", the course has already begun. The course contact will be able to tell you if late registration is permitted.

If the status is "Pending", a course in the same location is tentatively scheduled for the season listed. Check here for future schedule updates or try the contact for further information.

If the status is "Schedule Pending", the listed squadron has not decided where or when to hold their next course. The contact may be able to supply more information.

Courses are listed by City where they are taught within State.



Squadron: Dundalk  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 16hr - Web Site
Contact: Susan Rudy  Phone: 410-971-9199
Email:  SEO@USPSDundalk.org
City: Abingdon, MD 21009
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Northern Virginia  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Dean Markussen  Phone: 202-231-7003
Email:  mmarkussen2@comcast.net
City: Alexandria, VA 22314
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Delhigh  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Sergio Lamboy  Phone: 862-262-3120
Email:  Slamboy3@gmail.com
City: Allentown, PA 18109
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Richmond  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 16hr - Web Site
Contact: Jim Juritsch  Phone: 804-338-0873
Email:  mauijim04@gmail.com
City: Ampt Hill, VA 23234
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Annapolis  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Michael Maszczenski  Phone: 410-739-7800
Email:  michaelm_aacps@hotmail.com
City: Annapolis, MD 21403
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Cambridge  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Rigby  Phone: 302-629-4658
Email:  werigby@yahoo.com
City: Cambridge, MD 21613
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Cambridge  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Rigby  Phone: 302-629-4658
Email:  werigby@yahoo.com
City: Cambridge, MD 21613
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Cambridge  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Rigby  Phone: 302-629-4658
Email:  werigby@yahoo.com
Location: Cambridge Yacht Club
Address: Yacht Club Drive
City: Cambridge, MD 21613
Start Date: APR 28, 2024  Time: 12:00PM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Susquehannock  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Debbie Weaver  Phone: 717-448-3595
Email:  barney804dk@yahoo.com
City: Camp Hill, PA 17011
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Barrett  Phone: 610-384-0744
Email:  wrfbarrett@comcast.net
City: Downingtown, PA 19335
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne R Barrett  Phone: 484-137-0744
Email:  wrfbarrett@comcast.net
City: Frazer, PA 19355
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Rockville  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Lee R. Silverman  Phone: 301-648-8611
Email:  lrsilverman27@gmail.com
City: Gaithersburg, MD 20878
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Kent Narrows  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Joe Burke  Phone: 410-279-0862
Email:  burkejr2@atlanticbb.net
City: Grasonville, MD 21638
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Delaware River  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Erik Williams  Phone: 610-853-8242
Email:  ewums1@gmail.com
City: Horsham, PA 19044
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  NNSPS.Mack@gmail.com
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  NNSPS.Mack@gmail.com
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  NNSPS.Mack@gmail.com
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  NNSPS.Mack@gmail.com
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  NNSPS.Mack@gmail.com
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
Location: Nnsps
Address: 453c North Main
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: APR 13, 2024  Time: 10:00AM
Registration Date: APR 13, 2024
Registration Time: 09:30AM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
Location: Nnsps
Address: 453c North Main
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: APR 20, 2024  Time: 10:00AM
Registration Date: APR 20, 2024
Registration Time: 09:30AM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
Location: Nnsps
Address: 453c North Main
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: MAY 05, 2024  Time: 10:00AM
Registration Time: 09:30AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
Location: Nnsps
Address: 453c North Main
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: MAY 11, 2024  Time: 10:00AM
Registration Time: 09:30AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Absecon Island  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Ashle E Cocca  Phone: 609-412-3524
Email:  coccamo13@comcast.net
City: Mays Landing, NJ 08330
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Smith Mountain Lake  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Randy Stow  Phone: 540-588-0270
Email:  smlstow@gmail.com
City: Moneta, VA 24121
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Smith Mountain Lake  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Randy Stow  Phone: 540-588-0270
Email:  smlstow@gmail.com
City: Moneta, VA 24121
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Smith Mountain Lake  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Randy Stow  Phone: 540-588-0270
Email:  smlstow@gmail.com
Location: Sml Water Treatment Facility
Address: 1500 Radford Church Rd
City: Moneta, VA 24121
Start Date: MAY 11, 2024  Time: 08:00AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Smith Mountain Lake  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Randy Stow  Phone: 540-588-0270
Email:  smlstow@gmail.com
Location: Sml Water Treatment Facility
Address: 1500 Radford Church Rd
City: Moneta, VA 24121
Start Date: JUN 15, 2024  Time: 08:00AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Smith Mountain Lake  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Randy Stow  Phone: 540-588-0270
Email:  smlstow@gmail.com
Location: Moneta Library
Address: 13641 Moneta Road
City: Moneta, VA 24121
Start Date: JUL 13, 2024  Time: 08:00AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Smith Mountain Lake  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Randy Stow  Phone: 540-588-0270
Email:  smlstow@gmail.com
Location: Sml Water Treatment Facility
Address: 1500 Radford Church Rd
City: Moneta, VA 24121
Start Date: AUG 17, 2024  Time: 08:00AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Wilmington  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Mark Atkinson  Phone: 302-368-7857
Email:  108atkin@gmail.com
City: Newark, DE 19702
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Barrett  Phone: 610-384-0744
Email:  wrfbarrett@comcast.net
City: North Wales, PA 19454
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Delhigh  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Kathleen Nowroozani  Phone: 956-240-5553
Email:  k.now@mac.com
Location: Northampton Fire Station
Address: 4 Lerchenmiller Drive
City: Northampton, PA 18067
Start Date: MAY 04, 2024  Time: 09:00AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this course


Squadron: Ocean City  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Fred Stiehl  Phone: 410-641-6535
Email:  ocpsabc@gmail.com
Location: Ocean Pines Library
Address: Cathel Road
City: Ocean Pines, MD 21811
Start Date: MAR 26, 2024  Time: 06:00PM
Registration Time: 05:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Squadron: Ocean City  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Fred Stiehl  Phone: 410-641-6535
Email:  ocpsabc@gmail.com
Location: Ocean Pines Library
Address: Cathel Road
City: Ocean Pines, MD 21811
Start Date: MAR 26, 2024  Time: 06:00PM
Registration Time: 05:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Squadron: Richmond  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 16hr - Web Site
Contact: Jim Zeigler  Phone: 804-347-5239
Email:  jim@jpzeigler.com
City: On Line, VA 23111
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Patapsco River  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Louis M. Kates  Phone: 410-272-0079
Email:  lmkates@comcast.net
City: Pasadena, MD 21122
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Patuxent River  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: John Torres  Phone: 240-587-9777
Email:  educationofficer@abcsomd.org
City: Solomons, MD 20688
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne  Phone: 610-384-0744
Email:  wrfbarrett@gmail.com
City: Valley Forge, PA 19481
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Nansemond River  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr
Contact: Frank C. Brown  Phone: 757-472-4178
Email:  frank.brown915@gmail.com
City: Virginia Beach, VA 23451
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Virginia Beach  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Richard Nitschke  Phone: 757-440-9069
Email:  nitschke@infionline.net
Location: Courthouse Community United Methodist Church
Address: 2708 Princes Anne Road
City: Virginia Beach, VA 23456
Start Date: APR 27, 2024  Time: 09:00AM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Squadron: Potomac River  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Dominic Gasaway  Phone: 202-360-1952
Email:  dprofyt@gmail.com
City: Washington,, DC 20003
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: James Heckman  Phone: 215-219-6603
Email:  JLHECKMAN4929@gmail.com
City: West Chester, PA 19382
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: James Heckman  Phone: 215-219-6603
Email:  JLHECKMAN4929@gmail.com
City: West Chester, PA 19382
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Barrett  Phone: 610-384-0744
Email:  wrfbarrett@comcast.net
City: West Chester, PA 19382
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Barrett  Phone: 610-384-0744
Email:  wrfbarrett@comcast.net
City: West Chester, PA 19380
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: Colonial  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Doug Mistler  Phone: 757-229-3630
Email:  mistler1@cox.net
City: Williamsburg, VA 23188
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Squadron: York  District: 5 - America's Boating Course - 8hr - Web Site
Contact: Milton Menchey  Phone: 717-495-1553
Email:  budmenchey@comcast.net
City: York, PA 17403
STATUS: Schedule Pending

District 5 Seminars


Seminars are listed by City where they are taught within District.

Courses are listed by City where they are taught within State.



Subject: Basic Weather and Forecasting,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@nnsps.org
Location: Deltaville Yachting Center
Address: 18335 General Puller Hwy
City: Deltaville, VA 23043
Start Date: APR 20, 2024  Time: 10:00AM
Registration Date: APR 20, 2024
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Hurricane Preparation for Boaters,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@nnsps.org
Location: Deltaville Yachting Center
Address: 18355 General Booth Hwy
City: Deltaville, VA 23043
Start Date: APR 20, 2024  Time: 01:00PM
Registration Date: APR 20, 2024
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Introduction to Navigation,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  nnsps.mack@gmail.com
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Subject: Introduction to Navigation,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  nnsps.mack@gmail.com
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Subject: Tides and Currents,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Subject: Basic Weather and Forecasting,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
STATUS: Schedule Pending


Subject: BH Rules of the Road,
Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Russ Jones  Phone: 610-873-1576
Email:  wrjones3@verizon.net
Location: Register: Cclifelearn.org
Address: Stetson Middle School - 1060 Wilmington Pike
City: West Chester, PA 19382
Start Date: APR 04, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: All About VHF/DSC Marine Radio,
Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Russ Jones  Phone: 610-873-1576
Email:  wrjones3@verizon.net
Location: Register: Cclifelearn.org
Address: Stetson Middle School - 1060 Wilmington Pike
City: West Chester, PA 19382
Start Date: APR 11, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: How to Use a GPS Chartplotter,
Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Russ Jones  Phone: 610-873-1576
Email:  wrjones3@verizon.net
Location: Register: Cclifelearn.org
Address: Stetson Middle School - 1060 Wilmington Pike
City: West Chester, PA 19382
Start Date: APR 25, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: BH Docking & Undocking,
Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Russ Jones  Phone: 610-873-1576
Email:  wrjones3@verizon.net
Location: Register: Cclifelearn.org
Address: Stetson Middle School - 1060 Wilmington Pike
City: West Chester, PA 19382
Start Date: MAY 09, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations


Subject: Tides and Currents,
Squadron: Richmond  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Zeigler  Phone: 804-347-5239
Email:  jim@jpzeigler.com
City: Zoom, VA 23111
STATUS: Schedule Pending

District 5 Classes


Classes are listed by City where they are taught within District.



Subject: Boat Handling,
Squadron: Dundalk  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: J. Streett Broadbent  Phone: 410-598-0833
Email:  easystreett1@gmail.com
Location: Bush River Yacht Club
Address: 4001 E. Baker Ave
City: Abingdon, MD 21009
Start Date: APR 02, 2024  Time: 06:45PM
Registration Date: APR 15, 2024
Registration Time: 11:59PM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this class


Subject: Weather,
Squadron: Dundalk  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: S. Rudy  Phone: 410-971-9199
Email:  seo@uspsdundalk.org
Location: Virtual On Zoom, With In-person Exam In Baltimore Area
City: Baltimore, MD 21234
Start Date: JAN 25, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
Registration Date: JAN 24, 2024
Registration Time: 05:00PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Marine Electrical Systems,
Squadron: Cambridge  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Wayne Rigby  Phone: 302-629-4658
Email:  werigby@yahoo.com
Location: Cambridge Yacht Club
Address: 1 Mill St.
City: Cambridge, MD 21613
Start Date: MAR 10, 2024  Time: 01:00PM
Registration Date: MAR 10, 2024
Registration Time: 01:00PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Marine Electrical Systems,
Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Russ Jones  Phone: 610-873-1576
Email:  wrjones3@verizon.net
Location: To Register: Cclifelearn.org
Address: Downingtown Ms - Rock Raymond Road
City: Downingtown, PA 19335
Start Date: MAR 12, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Marine Navigation,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  nnsps.mack@gmail.com
Location: Nnsps Classroom
Address: 463c N Main St
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: JAN 18, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
Registration Date: JAN 18, 2024
Registration Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Engine Maintenance,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  nnsps.mack@gmail.com
Location: Nnsps Classroom
Address: 463c N Main St
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: JAN 31, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
Registration Date: JAN 31, 2024
Registration Time: 11:00AM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Sail,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Mack Mckinney  Phone: 804-480-4068
Email:  nnsps.mack@gmail.com
Location: Nnsps Classroom
Address: 463c N Main St
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: FEB 06, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
Registration Date: FEB 06, 2024
Registration Time: 11:00AM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this class


Subject: Advanced Piloting,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
Location: Nnsps Classroom
Address: 463c N Main St
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: MAY 09, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
Registration Date: MAY 09, 2024
Registration Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this class


Subject: Boat Handling,
Squadron: Northern Neck  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Lassiter  Phone: 804-339-7218
Email:  seo@abcnnk.org
Location: Nnsps Classroom
Address: 463c N Main St
City: Kilmarnock, VA 22482
Start Date: MAY 14, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
Registration Date: MAY 14, 2024
STATUS: Accepting Registrations
Click here to inquire about or pre-register for this class


Subject: Piloting,
Squadron: Patapsco River  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Louis M. Kates  Phone: 410-272-0079
Email:  lmkates@comcast.net
Location: Law Offices of Ray Sheppard, Llc
Address: 122 Riviera Dr
City: Pasadena, MD 21122
Start Date: JAN 16, 2024  Time: 07:00PM
Registration Date: JAN 16, 2024
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Advanced Piloting,
Squadron: Dundalk  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: S. Rudy  Phone: 410-971-9199
Email:  seo@uspsdundalk.org
Location: Towson Area Office Location
City: Towson, MD 21204
Start Date: APR 02, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
Registration Date: MAR 23, 2024
Registration Time: 11:59PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Marine Navigation,
Squadron: Main Line  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Russ Jones  Phone: 610-873-1576
Email:  wrjones3@verizon.net
Location: To Register: Cclifelearn.org
Address: Stetson Ms - 1060 Wilmington Pike Rt 202
City: West Chester, PA 19380
Start Date: MAR 14, 2024  Time: 06:30PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Engine Maintenance,
Squadron: Richmond  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Juritsch  Phone: 804-338-0873
Email:  mauijim04@gmail.com
Location: Zoom Class
City: Zoom, VA 23240
Start Date: JAN 18, 2024  Time: 07:00PM
Registration Date: JAN 14, 2024
Registration Time: 11:00PM
STATUS: Registration Closed


Subject: Marine Navigation,
Squadron: Richmond  District: 5 - Web Site
Contact: Jim Zeigler  Phone: 804-347-5239
Email:  jim@jpzeigler.com
Location: On Line
Address: On Line
City: Zoom, VA 23111
Start Date: MAR 13, 2024  Time: 07:00PM
Registration Date: MAR 13, 2024
Registration Time: 07:00PM
STATUS: Registration Closed